DMAE (also known as deanol) is a precursor to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in increased muscle tone. There thus could be firming of the skin via effects on the facial
Table 1 Lack of Effect of Pal-KTTKS on Skin Barrier Properties as Assessed by Transepidermal Water Loss
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musculature. In addition, acetylcholine may affect the keratinocytes (specifically their proliferation, adhesion, and motility) leading to “epidermal contractility,” leading to a firming/tightening effect on the skin (60). DMAE also has antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its anti-aging effects (61,62).