Nature is filled with examples of balance and symmetry. The human body is one such example of proportion in nature. Phi (Ф), also known as the Golden Ratio, is a proportion that is found often in the natural world as well as in the structure of the human body. Perhaps our appreciation of the classical […]

After an injury and a wound heals, scars, which are areas of fibrous tissue that replace normal skin, form. With the exception of very small cuts or abrasions, every wound results in scarring to some degree. Scar tissue is quite different from the skin tissue it replaces. For example, hair follicles do not grow back […]

When designing a makeup that will need postiche in addition to the other phys­ical characteristics and landmarks we’ve already discussed, it is important to have at least some understanding of the external structure of hair. Postiche is a French word meaning a covering or bunch of human or artificial hair used for disguise or adornment.22 […]

Both varicose veins and spider veins can appear almost anywhere on the body; varicose veins are most commonly found on the legs, whereas spider veins most commonly occur on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin. Varicose veins are veins that have become twisted, bulging, and enlarged and are heredi­tary. Varicose veins are typically […]

Freckles are spots of melanin pigment in the skin. They are usu­ally tan or light brown in color, flat, and very small and are usually found in people who are light skinned or have fair complexions. Freckles are often genetically associated with fair hair—blonde and more commonly red—and with light-colored eyes. Freckles are found predominantly […]

Age spots or liver spots are usually found on skin that is sun-exposed; despite their name, they have no relation to liver function. They’re also known as solar lentigo. These spots represent changes in skin color associated with older age and are the result of increased pigmentation in combination with growing older as well as […]

In addition to muscles and bone structure defin­ing outward appearances, so do veins and the skin itself. Stretch marks are striae—furrows, stripes, or streaks in a parallel arrangement— caused when the skin is pulled by rapid growth or stretching. When skin is overstretched, the normal production of collagen, the protein that makes up the connective […]

The mouth becomes a potential for undercut problems, particularly if the mouth is cast par­tially open, which is what I recommend. The Skin Surface anatomy of the skin varies on different parts of the body. For example, the skin covering the shoulder and arm is smooth and very mov­able over the underlying muscle and bone. […]

Surface anatomy is the study of the configuration of the surface of the body, espe­cially in relation to its internal parts. The way we are put together beneath the skin manifests itself to a great extent outwardly and is visible. Our skeletons and musculature give us our basic shape, and our skin is the covering […]