Conjunctivitis: Bacterial infection of the eyes. Symptoms are pain, tearing, and redness with fluid discharge of the
eyes.
Meningitis: Bacterial infection of the meninges, which are the delicate membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms can include fever, severe headache, stiff neck and shoulders, a dark red or purplish rash anywhere on the body, mental confusion, vomiting, and sensitivity to bright light.
Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection in which bacilli are deposited into the lungs. Symptoms are fatigue, weight loss, night
Mumps: Viral disease characterized by swelling and tender parotid gland and salivary glands.
Leukemia: Blood disorder. No one knows the cause of this disease, although genetics, environment, or the immune system might play a part. Symptoms include paleness, high fever, abnormal bleeding, and weight loss. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become more severe, including infections, organ enlargement, and tender bones.
Rubella: Viral disease. A rash forms on the face, then quickly spreads to the rest of the body.
Smallpox: Viral disease. A rash forms on the face, spreading to the trunk of the body. Lesions form inside the mouth and nose.
Chicken Pox: Viral disease. A small rash forms that turns into papules.
Frostbite: Freezing of body parts, mostly nose, fingers, and toes. Frostbite has three different stages. First stage is pain with itching, maybe swelling. Second 2 8 stage has blisters that can turn black. In the third stage, you’ll observe redness, deep colors of purple, severe blisters, and sometimes a loss of extremities in the affected area.
Heat Exhaustion: Occurs when someone has been exposed to heat for long lengths of time. There is also a loss of fluids. Symptoms include being tired, nausea with vomiting, sweating, and headache.
Heatstroke: Elevated body temperature. Symptoms include red skin, no sweating, elevated body temperature, difficulty breathing, confusion, seizure, and possible coma.
Anatomy is a complex field, but we’ll concentrate on the areas Makeup Artists most likely will use as reference. The following terms outline only a few of the examples found in the skeletal, muscular, and circulatory systems.
The Skeletal System
The skeleton is divided into two different areas. The axial is made up of the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the upper and lower extremities. The skull is divided into cranial bones. These bones form the cranial cavity. The cranial cavity houses the brain and facial bones, which, in turn, form the face.
The Skull
Frontal Bone: Bone located at the forehead. Helps define the orbits of the eye.
Mandible: The lower jawbone.
Maxillae: The upper jawbones.
Nasal Bones: There are two nasal
bones. The vomer bone separates the nasal
cavities.
Occipital Bone: Large bone that makes up the base of the cranium.
Zygomatic Arch: Bone that defines the cheekbone.
Spinal Column
The spinal column is made up of 26 bones. The bones protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is strong and flexible—allowing movement, supporting the head, and serving as the attachment for the ribs and muscles.
Upper Body Clavicle: Collarbone.
Scapula: Along with the humerus, helps to form the shoulder joint.
Ribs: Curved bones connected to the thoracic vertebrae.
Sternum: Breastbone.
Humerus: Upper arm bone.
Radius: One of two lower arm bones. The radius is narrow at the end that connects with the humerus, and wider at the joints it forms with the wrist bones.
Ulna: One of two lower arm bones opposite in shape to the radius.
Carpal Bones: Wrist bones.
Metacarpals: Hand bones.
Phalanges: Finger bones.
Lower Body
Pelvic Bone: Attaches the lower body to the axial skeleton.
Femur: Thighbone. It is the strongest bone in the body.
Patella: Kneecap.
Tibia: The larger of the two bones that form the lower leg bone.
Fibula: The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg bone.
Tarsals: Anklebones.
Metatarsals: Foot bones.
Phalanges: Toes.
Joints: Where two or more bones come together to either aid movement and/or keep the skeleton together.
The Muscular System
Muscles are described by size, shape, origin, and function. There are over 700 known muscles in the body.
Facial Muscles
Jaw Muscles
Masseter: Raises the jaw and clenches the teeth.
Temporalis: Helps the masseter muscle to raise the jaw and clench the teeth.
Mouth Muscles
Buccinator: Draws the corners of the mouth backward, flattens and tightens the lips.
Caninus: Raises the corner of the mouth.
Mentalis: Raises and tightens the chin, thrusts the lower lip up and outward.
Orbicularis Oris: Circles the mouth and purses the lips.
Risorius: Pulls the corner of the mouth sideward and outward.
Triangularis: Pulls the corner of the mouth downward.
Zygomaticus Major and Minor:
Muscles that raise the mouth upward and outward.
Eye Muscles
Corrugator: Assists the orbicularis muscles in compressing skin between the eyebrows. Vertical wrinkles form.
Orbicularis Oculi: Closes the eyelids and compresses the opening of the eye from above and below.
Procerus: Tightens the inner eye by wrinkling the skin on the nose.
Face Muscle
Frontalis (Frontal Part): Draws the scalp to the front, wrinkles the forehead, and pulls the eyebrows upward.
Platysma: Neck muscle that draws the lower lip downward and upward.
Circulatory System and Veins
The circulatory system is made up of two different systems. In the pulmonary system, the right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body and pumps it to the lungs. In the systemic system, the left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood from the heart to the tissues and organs. Veins return the blood to the heart.
Arteries
Aorta: Largest artery in the body.
Coronary Arteries: Supply blood to the heart.
Brachiocephalic Trunk, Right Carotid Artery, and Right Subclavian Artery:
Provide blood to the neck, head, and upper limbs.
Left Carotid and Left Subclavian Arteries:
Provide blood to the left side of the head, neck, and upper limbs.
Celiac Trunk, Superior Mesenteric Artery, and Inferior Mesenteric Artery:
Supply blood to the abdominal internal organs.
Renal Arteries, Suprarenal Arteries, and Gonadal Arteries: Provide internal organs to the back of the abdominal wall.
Left and Right Common Iliac Arteries:
The abdominal aorta divides into left and right common iliac arteries.
Veins
Superior Vena Cava: Receives blood from the upper body by way of the internal jugular, subclavian, and brachiocephalic veins.
Internal Jugular: Receives blood from the head and neck area, including the brain.
Subclavian: Empties blood from the shoulder area.
Brachiocephalic: One of two veins that form the superior vena cava.
Inferior Vena Cava: Receives blood from the pelvis, abdomen, and lower limbs.
Portal System: A set of veins that deplete blood from the intestines and the supporting organs.
Hepatic Portal Vein: Vein that leads from the intestinal veins to the liver.
Splenic Vein: Vein leaving the spleen.
Superior Mesenteric: Blood returns to circulation through this vein by way of the small intestine.